Izvestiya of Saratov University.

History. International Relations

ISSN 1819-4907 (Print)
ISSN 2542-1913 (Online)

For citation:

Timofeeva Y. А. Presidential diplomacy in Brazil: Achievements and drawbacks. Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations, 2022, vol. 22, iss. 1, pp. 91-98. DOI: 10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-1-91-98

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0).
Full text:
download
(downloads: 145)
Language: 
Russian
Heading: 
Международные отношения
Article type: 
Article
UDC: 
327.82-057.341(81)|19/20|+929
DOI: 
10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-1-91-98

Presidential diplomacy in Brazil: Achievements and drawbacks

Autors: 
Timofeeva Yuliya А., Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Abstract: 

The article deals with the history of the presidential diplomacy concept in Brazil, contribution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and presidents to the creation of the foreign policy concept and to the enhancement of Brazil’s stance in the world. It is shown that in the XX century the Brazilian Foreign Ministry, which is known as Itamaraty, was the strongest body among other executive governmental structures. Its chancellors developed foreign policy strategy and its structural changes reflected Brazil’s priorities. At the same time, heads of state were more focused on the national agenda. However, globalization, development of public diplomacy and appearance of new actors in the world politics turned many problems international and began to require more presidential efforts. Today, Itamaraty no longer has such strong positions as before and departs from its most important principle – neutrality – in foreign policy, but the presidents continue to return to the postulates of foreign policy developed by the ministry in the XX century.

Key words: 
presidential diplomacy
Itamaraty
foreign policy
Brazil
globalization
strategy
Reference: 
  1. Борзова А. Ю. Дипломатическая служба Бразилии как инструмент реализации внешнеполитического курса : дис. … д-ра ист. наук. М., 2016. 388 с.
  2. Almeida P. R., Pereira A. J. H. Oswaldo Aranha : na continuidade do estadismo de Rio Branco // Pensamento diplomático brasileiro : formuladores e agentes da política externa (1750–1950) : in 3 vols. / org. José Vicente de Sá Pimentel. Brasília : Funag, 2013. Vol. 3. Р. 669–714.
  3. Faria C. A. P. O Itamaraty e a Política Externa Brasileira : Do Insulamento á Busca de Coordenacão dos Atores Governamentais e de Cooperacão com os Agentes Societários // Contexto Internacional. 2012. Vol. 34, № 1. P. 311–355.
  4. Пивоварова Н. С. Истоки программы «Союз ради прогресса» в идее «Панамериканской операции» Ж. Кубичека // Вестник Томского государственного университета. История. 2015. № 2 (34). С. 95.
  5. Борзова А. Ю. Дипломатическая служба Бразилии как инструмент реализации внешнеполитического курса. С. 116.
  6. Manzur T. M. P. G. A Política externa independente (PEI) : antecedentes, apogeu e declínio. SãoPaulo : Lua Nova, 2014. P. 169–199.
  7. Борзова А. Ю. Современная дипломатическая служба Бразилии // Вестник РУДН. Серия : Всеобщая история. 2012. № 2. С. 68.
  8. Danese S. Diplomacia presidencial. História e crítica. Brasília : Funag, 2017. 641 p.
  9.  Борзова А. Ю. Формирование внешнеполитической стратегии современной Бразилии // Латинская Америка. 2011. № 11. С. 18–30.
  10. Barnabe I. R. O Itamaraty e a Diplomacia presidencial nos governos FHC e Lula // Revista de Estudos Internacionais. 2010. Vol. 1, № 2. Р. 29–45.
  11. Pinho A. G. I. De Cardoso a Lula : um balanço da diplomacia presidencial no Brasil. Brasília : Universidade de Brasília, 2016. Р. 5.
  12. Цит. по: Barnabe I. R. Op. cit. P. 38.
  13. Борзова А. Ю. Формирование внешнеполитической стратегии современной Бразилии. С. 20.
  14. Vigevani T., Oliveira M. F., Cintra R. Política Externa no Governo FHC : a busca da autonomia pela integracão // Tempo Social. 2003. Vol. 15, № 2. P. 31–61.
  15. Danese S. Op. cit. P. 43.
  16. Barnabe I. R. Op. cit. P. 38.
  17. Danese S. Op. cit. P. 55.
  18. Zilla C. Brazil’s Foreign Policy under Lula. Berlin : SWP, 2017. Р. 14.
  19. Ibid. P. 12.
  20. Мартынов Б. Ф., Борзова А. Ю. История внешней политики и дипломатии Бразилии. М. : Аспект-Пресс, 2021. 288 с.
  21. Борзова А. Ю. Дипломатическая служба Бразилии как инструмент реализации внешнеполитического курса. С. 255.
  22. The world’s best foreign minister. URL: https:// foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/07/the-worlds-best-foreignminister/ (дата обращения: 10.07.2021).
  23. Zilla C. Op. cit. Р. 16.
  24. Kunrath B. A construção da liderança brasileira e a integração regional sul-americana no século XXI : subimperialismo ou cooperação? Porto Alegre : Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2010. Р. 16.
  25. Saraiva J. F. S. Inserção internacional : formação dos conceitos brasileiros // Revista brasileira de política internacional. 2007. № 50 (2). P. 162–165.
  26. Мартынов Б. Ф. Бразилия на мировой арене : внешняя политика Партии трудящихся // Свободная мысль. 2014. № 1 (1643). С. 19–34.
  27. Saraiva G. M. Balanço da Política Externa de Dilma Rousseff : Perspetivas Futuras? // Relações Internacionais. 2014. № 44. P. 27.
  28. Cornetet J. M. C. Política externa de Dilma Rousseff : contenção na continuidade // Conjuntura Austral. 2014. Vol. 5, № 24. P. 111–150.
  29. Barbosa R. Política externa brasileira em debate. Dimensões e estratégias de inserção internacional no póscrise de 2008. Brasília : Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2018. 632 p.
  30. Brasil 2020 : una política exterior entransición. URL: https://www.celag.org/brasil-2020-una-politica-exterioren-transicion/ (дата обращения: 15.07.2021).
  31. Сударев В. П. Возможности и пределы гегемонии США в Латинской Америке // Латинская Америка. 2019. № 11. С. 6–14.
  32. Almeida P. R. Miséria da diplomacia : a destruição da inteligência no Itamaraty. Boa Vista : Editora da UFRR, 2019. 165 p.
  33. Barnabe I. R. Op. cit. P. 44.
  34. Brazil’s Lula to leave with record-high popularity. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/us -brazil-lula-poll-idUSTRE6BF4O620101216 (дата обращения: 18.07.2021).
  35. Bolsonaro disapproval rating surpasses 50% for first time. URL: https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210709- bolsonaro-disapproval-rating-surpasses-50-for-first-time (дата обращения: 18.07.2021).
  36. Brazil’s Lula could beat Bolsonaro in first-round 2022 vote, poll shows. URL: https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-lula-could-beat-bolsonaro-first-round-2022-vote-poll - shows-2021-06-25/ (дата обращения: 18.07.2021).
  37. Após ‘Cristo desgovernado’ da era Dilma, imagem do Brasil tem nova baixa sob Bolsonaro. URL: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=NkOO1T8ltVk (дата обращения: 18.09.2021). 
Received: 
15.09.2021
Accepted: 
10.11.2021
Published: 
03.01.2022